The expression is also used similarly for the underlying structure upon which something is built. Warp and weft are sometimes used even more generally in literature to describe the basic dichotomy of the world we live in, as in, up/down, in/out, black/white, Sun/Moon, yin/yang, etc. The expression "warp and weft" (also "warp and woof" and "woof and warp") is used metaphorically the way "fabric" is e.g., "the warp and woof of a student's life" equates to "the fabric of a student's life". Handlooms were the original weaver's tool, with the shuttle being threaded through alternately raised warps by hand. The weft is threaded through the warp using a " shuttle", air jets or "rapier grippers". It is usually made of spun fibre, originally wool, flax and cotton, today often of synthetic fibre such as nylon or rayon. Weft īecause the weft does not have to be stretched on a loom the way the warp is, it can generally be less strong. Many South American cultures, including the ancient Incas and Aymaras, employed backstrap weaving, which uses the weight of the weaver's body to control the tension of the loom. Such limitations of color placement create weavings defined by length-wise stripes and vertical designs. In these the design is in the warp, requiring all colors to be decided upon and placed during the first part of the weaving process, which cannot be changed. While most weaving is weft-faced, warp-faced textiles are created using densely arranged warp threads. Later, artificial or man-made fibres such as nylon or rayon were employed. However, improvements in spinning technology during the Industrial Revolution created cotton yarn of sufficient strength to be used in mechanized weaving. Traditionally wool, linen, alpaca, and silk were used. This requires the yarn used for warp ends, or individual warp threads, to be made of spun and plied fibre. The warp must be strong to be held under high tension during the weaving process, unlike the weft which carries almost no tension. Very simple looms use a spiral warp, in which the warp is made up of a single, very long yarn wound in a spiral pattern around a pair of sticks or beams. The term is also used for a set of yarns established before the interworking of weft yarns by some other method, such as finger manipulation, yielding wrapped or twined structures. It is regarded as the longitudinal set in a finished fabric with two or more sets of elements. The warp is the set of yarns or other things stretched in place on a loom before the weft is introduced during the weaving process. Wrapping the warp threads around the warp beam of a loom in preparation for weaving. Warp is wrapped onto the warp beam as the cloth is made, the fell (woven part) is wrapped onto the breast beam next to the weaver. (Old English wearp, from weorpan, to throw, cf. Warp means "that across which the woof is thrown". The word weft derives from the Old English word wefan, to weave. The power loom patented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 allowed sixty picks per minute. Inventions during the 18th century spurred the Industrial Revolution, with the "picking stick" and the " flying shuttle" ( John Kay, 1733) speeding up the production of cloth. Each individual warp thread in a fabric is called a warp end or end. Terms vary (for instance, in North America, the weft is sometimes referred to as the fill or the filling yarn). A single thread of the weft crossing the warp is called a pick. The lengthwise or longitudinal warp yarns are held stationary in tension on a frame or loom while the horizontal weft (sometimes woof) is drawn through and inserted over and under the warp. Warp and weft are the two basic components used in weaving to turn thread or yarn into fabric. The yellow yarn is the pile, the vertical the warp, and the horizontal the weft
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